A moraine is a landform composed of unconsolidated debris, such as soil and rock, that has been carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. Moraines can be found in both currently and formerly glaciated regions. They are important features for understanding past environments, as they can be used to reconstruct the former size of glaciers and ice sheets that have now shrunk or disappeared entirely.

There are several types of moraines, including:

• Terminal Moraine: A moraine ridge that marks the maximum limit of a glacier advance. They form at the glacier terminus and mirror the shape of the ice margin at the time of deposition. The largest terminal moraines are formed by major continental ice sheets and can be over 100 meters in height and tens of kilometers long.

• Lateral Moraine: A moraine that forms along the sides of a glacier. They are composed of debris derived from the same source as end moraines, but are deposited along the sides of the glacier rather than at its end.

• Medial Moraine: A ridge that appears between two tributaries of an active glacier. They are distinct from the end or lateral moraines and are composed of debris derived from the same source as the lateral moraines. They are deposited along the sides of the glacier rather than at its end.

• Ground Moraine: An uneven blanket of till deposited in the low-relief areas between more prominent moraine ridges. This type of moraine, which is also commonly referred to as a till plain, forms at the glacier sole due to the deposition of unsorted and unstratified debris ranging in size from silt-sized glacial flour to large boulders.

Moraines are formed by the dumping, pushing, and squeezing of loose rock material, as well as the melting of glacial ice.