A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test, is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women. During the test, cells are collected from the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of the uterus thats at the top of the vagina. The collected cells are then examined under a microscope to detect any abnormal cells that may turn into cancer. The test is usually done in conjunction with a pelvic exam.

The procedure involves lying on a table with feet in stirrups. The doctor inserts an instrument called a speculum into the vagina and opens it slightly to see inside the vaginal canal. Cells are gently scraped from the cervix area and sent to a lab for examination.

It is recommended that women begin getting regular Pap smears at age 21 or over. The frequency of the test depends on age and other factors. Women aged 21 to 65 should have the test every 3 years. Women over age 30 may choose to combine their Pap testing with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, which is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause cervical cancer. If combined, the test can be done every 5 years instead.

If the results of the Pap smear come back positive, it does not necessarily mean that the person has cancer. There are several reasons why a person could have an abnormal Pap smear, including mild inflammation, HPV or other infections, cancer, or lab test error. If the results are abnormal, the doctor may perform a procedure called colposcopy to examine the tissues of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. The doctor may also take a tissue sample (biopsy) from any areas that appear abnormal, which is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.

In summary, a Pap smear is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women by collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope. It is an important part of routine healthcare for women and can help detect abnormal cells that may lead to cancer.