A proctologist, also known as a colorectal surgeon or colon and rectal surgeon, is a surgical specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus. They focus on conditions that affect the lower digestive tract, such as anal fissures, Crohn’s disease, colon polyps, colorectal cancer, constipation, diverticulitis, gallstones, hernias, hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Proctologists perform corrective colorectal surgeries to repair the colon, rectum, or anus, which can involve the removal of parts of organs or the removal of whole organs, such as the gallbladder. They also perform diagnostic procedures, such as endorectal ultrasound, digital rectal examination, anoscopy, proctoscopy, and sigmoidoscopy.

To become a proctologist, one must complete four years of undergraduate studies for a bachelor’s degree, four years of medical school, five years of training in general surgery, and one additional year of residency specializing in colorectal conditions. After training, they must pass a written and oral exam to become certified as colorectal surgeons by the American Board of Colorectal Surgery. Proctologists must also have ongoing education to stay up-to-date on the latest techniques and apply for recertification every 10 years.

If you have a condition that affects your lower digestive tract, your primary care doctor may give you a referral to a proctologist. Proctologists usually suggest less-invasive treatment first, such as suggesting diet changes or over-the-counter or prescription medication. If these treatments do not work, surgery may be necessary to repair damage.