Push and pull factors are terms used to describe the reasons why people migrate from one place to another. Push factors are those that encourage people to leave their points of origin and settle elsewhere, while pull factors attract migrants to new areas. Some examples of push factors include high unemployment, economic and social stresses, political fear of persecution, poor medical care, loss of wealth, natural disasters, death threats, pollution, poor housing, bullying, and discrimination. On the other hand, pull factors can be the polar opposites of push factors, such as greater security, better job opportunities, or the prospect of a more exciting life.

For instance, Newfoundland and Labradors permanent population rapidly expanded during the first half of the 19th century, largely due to an influx of English, Irish, and Scottish immigrants. Well-established trade routes between the United Kingdom and Newfoundland and Labrador facilitated migration and made the latter a somewhat familiar destination to those wishing to leave their homes and settle elsewhere.

In summary, push factors are reasons for migration that relate to the area the person comes from, while pull factors are reasons for migration that relate to the area the person is moving to.