A seminar class is a form of academic instruction that brings together small groups of students for discussion-based courses. Typically, students are expected to complete readings and assignments before the class and discuss major themes or topics during class. Seminar classes are often small, with fewer students per professor than normal courses, and are generally more specific in the topic of study. They are often higher-level classes that focus on a specialized subject area in a given major or minor. Students are expected to participate regularly in seminar classes, including giving presentations and participating in discussions. Unlike lectures, seminar classes are meant to be interactive, with students participating in a dialogue rather than just listening to a professor and taking notes. Seminars can occur at academic institutions or offered by commercial or professional organizations.