A stye, also known as a hordeolum, is a small, painful, red bump that forms on the edge of the eyelid, either on the outside or inside surface. It is caused by a bacterial infection, typically Staphylococcus aureus, affecting an oil gland or an eyelash follicle near the eyelid

. Key characteristics of a stye:

• Appears as a red, swollen lump on the eyelid, often resembling a pimple or boil

• Usually painful and tender, especially when blinking or touching the eyelid

• May contain pus, sometimes visible as a white or yellow spot in the center of the bump

• Can cause symptoms like a scratchy or gritty feeling in the eye, crusting on the eyelid, watering, and irritation

Types of styes:

• External stye: More common, appears on the outer edge of the eyelid, usually less severe and resolves on its own

• Internal stye: Occurs inside the eyelid, often more painful and may require medical attention

Causes and risk factors:

• Blockage and infection of oil glands (Zeis or meibomian glands) or eyelash follicles by bacteria

• Poor eyelid hygiene, use of contaminated cosmetics, blepharitis (eyelid inflammation), and certain health conditions like rosacea or diabetes increase risk

Treatment:

• Most styes heal on their own within a week or so

• Applying warm compresses several times a day helps speed healing by promoting drainage

• Antibiotic ointments may be prescribed if infection worsens or persists

• Rarely, if a stye does not improve, medical drainage or further treatment may be needed

In summary, a stye is a common, usually harmless bacterial infection of an eyelid gland or follicle that causes a painful red bump near the eyelid edge, often resolving with simple home care