A two-state solution is a proposed framework for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by establishing two states for two peoples: Israel for the Jewish people and Palestine for the Palestinian people. The two states would exist side by side within secure and recognized borders, with the boundary between them still subject to dispute and negotiation. The idea of a two-state solution was first proposed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1947, but it was not implemented. In 1974, a UN resolution called for "two States, Israel and Palestine … side by side within secure and recognized borders" together with "a just resolution of the refugee question in conformity with UN resolution 194". The latest resolution, in November 2013, was passed 165 to 6, with 6 abstentions; with Israel and the United States voting against.

The two-state solution proposed by the Oslo Accords was born out of a series of historical events. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Jews and Arabs both claimed the right to self-determination in historical Palestine. A first attempt at partitioning the land in 1948 resulted in an Israeli state but no Palestinian state, and the West Bank and Gaza Strip fell under Jordanian and Egyptian rule, respectively. In the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and other Arab territories, which in the aftermath led to the idea that Israel would exchange land it had captured for peace with its Arab neighbors, including, eventually, the Palestinians.

The two-state solution is still being discussed as a possible solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with some leaders and experts believing it to be the surest path to peace. However, there are also alternatives to a two-state solution, including a one-state solution, a confederation, annexation, and maintaining the status quo.