Ameloblastoma is a rare, noncancerous (benign) or cancerous tumor that develops in the jaw near the molars. It is a type of odontogenic neoplasm that originates from the cells that form the protective enamel lining on teeth. Ameloblastoma is more commonly found in the lower jaw than the upper jaw. It was recognized in 1827 by Cusack and was finally renamed to the modern name ameloblastoma in 1930 by Ivey and Churchill. There are four main types of ameloblastoma, which include conventional ameloblastoma, unicystic ameloblastoma, peripheral ameloblastoma, and metastasizing ameloblastoma. Conventional ameloblastoma is the most common type and grows aggressively, usually in the lower jawbone, and approximately 10% recur after treatment. Unicystic ameloblastoma is less aggressive, but typically occurs at a younger age. Peripheral ameloblastoma is rare and affects the gums and oral tissue in the upper or lower jaw. Metastasizing ameloblastoma is very rare and is defined by tumor cells that occur away from the primary site in the jaw.

Ameloblastomas can become cancerous or malignant, but malignant ameloblastomas are extremely rare. Surgery is the most effective way to prevent more damage, and it remains the main course of treatment with a radical margin of 1-2cm. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, curettage, and liquid nitrogen have been rarely effective in cases of ameloblastoma. Reconstruction may be necessary to restore teeth, jaw, and facial appearance. Ameloblastomas are generally classified by type, but they can also be classified by cell type. Ameloblastoma patients often experience no symptoms until the tumor is of a larger size. Doctors describe this as being ‘asymptomatic’ . Therefore, in many cases, this rare tumor type is discovered during routine dental X-rays before the patient has experienced any symptoms.