BRCA testing is a genetic test that looks for changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that may increase the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. These genes produce proteins that are involved in DNA repair, and when they become mutated, they do not suppress tumors like they should, leading to a higher risk of getting cancer. The test is most often a blood test, but it can also be done using a sample of saliva or cells from inside of your cheek. The test checks for harmful variants in the BRCA genes, and a positive test result means you have inherited the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, which significantly increases your risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers.

BRCA testing is not recommended for most people, as harmful BRCA gene variants are rare and affect only about 0.2 percent of the U.S. population. Instead, expert groups recommend that testing be focused on those who have a higher likelihood of carrying a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 variant, such as those who have a family history of certain cancers. Before having BRCA testing, it is recommended to undergo genetic counseling to help you understand whether testing is right for you and which genes should be tested.

It is important to note that a negative BRCA test does not guarantee that you wont get cancer, and a positive test result does not mean you will definitely get cancer. However, knowing your results can help your care team plan your treatment if you ever receive a cancer diagnosis, and it also helps your family members to better understand their own risks.