Brutalism is an architectural style that emerged in the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era, but it is commonly known for its presence in post-war communist nations. The style is characterized by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. Brutalist buildings are often made of exposed, unpainted concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes, and a predominantly monochrome color palette. Other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.

The term "Brutalism" is often attributed to the French phrase "béton brut," meaning raw concrete, which was used to describe the iconic aesthetic of Brutalist architecture. The style was further popularized in a 1955 essay by architectural critic Reyner Banham, who also associated the movement with the French phrases béton brut ("raw concrete") and art brut ("raw art") .

Brutalism is seen as a reaction against the nostalgia of architecture in the 1940s and is derived from the modernist movement. The style emphasizes materials, textures, and construction, producing highly expressive forms. Brutalist buildings are often associated with schools, churches, libraries, theaters, and social housing projects, and are often intertwined with 20th-century urban theory that looked toward socialist ideals.

Key elements of Brutalist architecture include:

• Blocky, heavy appearance
• Simple, graphic lines
• Lack of ornamentation
• Utilitarian feel
• Monochromatic palette
• Use of raw, exposed concrete (and sometimes brick) exteriors
• Rough, unfinished surfaces

Brutalist buildings are often difficult to renovate or tear down due to their heavy poured concrete construction. Despite its popularity among passionate defenders, Brutalism is often called ugly, austere, and difficult to renovate, maintain, or destroy. However, the style is making a comeback in recent years, with many architects and designers embracing its raw, honest aesthetic.