Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished or absent, typically for 10 to 30 seconds either intermittently or in cycles, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. Unlike obstructive sleep apnea, which is caused by a physical blockage of the airway, CSA occurs because the brain doesnt send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. CSA can result from other conditions, such as heart failure, stroke, and sleeping at a high altitude. Some people with obstructive sleep apnea develop central sleep apnea while using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for treatment. This condition is known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. CSA can also be an indicator of Arnold–Chiari malformation.

Symptoms of CSA are similar to those of obstructive sleep apnea and include loud, excessive snoring, chronic fatigue, daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, and restless sleep. However, a person with CSA may also have difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and a sense of weakness and numbness. A thorough sleep study with polysomnography (PSG) can show whether the lapses in breathing result from airway blockage or irregular signals from the brain.

Treatment for CSA depends on the underlying cause. If the CSA is caused by another illness, treating the accompanying illness may reduce or eliminate the CSA. Many people with CSA may find relief with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) therapy alone. In some cases, medications or supplemental oxygen may be prescribed. In severe cases, a device called a servo-ventilator may be used to help regulate breathing.