Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is a group of disorders that affect the lungs and airways. It comprises three major diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, all of which are characterized by shortness of breath caused by airflow obstruction. Asthma is also considered a chronic respiratory disease. Risk factors for CLRD include tobacco smoking (including second-hand smoke), air pollution, allergens, and occupational risks. Outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution (often caused by cooking with solid fuels) are also common causes. Neither asthma nor COPD can be cured, but treatment can reduce symptoms, prevent deterioration, and improve daily life. During attacks of breathlessness caused by airway narrowing, inhaled medicines (bronchodilators) can open the airways and relieve symptoms. If untreated, severe attacks can lead to death. COPD is confirmed by a spirometry test, which measures how much and how quickly a person can blow air out of their lungs. Smoking cessation is an essential intervention in the treatment of COPD to slow the progressive decline in lung function as well as improve survival in COPD.

In summary, CLRD is a group of respiratory diseases that affect the lungs and airways, including COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Risk factors include tobacco smoking, air pollution, allergens, and occupational risks. While there is no cure for these diseases, treatment can reduce symptoms and improve daily life.