Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar traits or characteristics due to similar selective pressures or environmental conditions. This process creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. Convergent evolution is similar to parallel evolution, which occurs when two independent species evolve in the same direction and thus independently acquire similar characteristics.

Some examples of convergent evolution include the repeated development of C4 photosynthesis, seed dispersal by fleshy fruits adapted to be eaten by animals, and carnivory in plants. In animals, examples include the evolution of wings in birds, bats, and insects, and the development of streamlined body shapes in dolphins, sharks, and ichthyosaurs.

It is important to note that convergent evolution is different from divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. The interpretation of convergence and its implications in the search for limits to evolution is still an active area of research.