Earth science, also known as geoscience, is a branch of science that deals with the physical, chemical, and biological constitutions of Earths four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lithosphere) . It is an interdisciplinary subject that uses tools from geology, chronology, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how Earth works and evolves. Earth science is also the study of Earth and its neighbors in space.

The four basic areas of Earth science study are geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy. Geology is the primary Earth science that deals with the composition of Earth materials, Earth structures, and Earth processes. Meteorology is the science of the atmosphere and its phenomena, while oceanography is the study of the oceans. Astronomy is the study of outer space and is inextricably connected to Earth science since the behavior of the sun and moon influences conditions on Earth.

Earth science is highly relevant to the welfare of humanity, as it allows people to predict and prepare for natural disasters such as hurricanes and volcanic eruptions. It also helps people locate and extract valuable raw materials that are hidden underground, ranging from fresh water and fossil fuels to minerals and precious metals. Earth scientists use their knowledge of the planet to locate and develop energy and mineral resources, study the impact of human activity on Earths environment, and design methods to protect the planet.

In summary, Earth science is a branch of science that deals with the physical, chemical, and biological constitutions of Earths four spheres, and it is an interdisciplinary subject that uses tools from various fields to build a quantitative understanding of how Earth works and evolves. It is highly relevant to the welfare of humanity, as it helps people predict and prepare for natural disasters and locate valuable resources.