End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a secure communication method where only the communicating users-the sender and the intended recipient-can access the content of the messages. The data is encrypted on the sender's device and stays encrypted while it is transmitted, only being decrypted on the recipient's device. This means that no third party, including service providers, internet providers, hackers, or even governments, can read or tamper with the messages during transmission

. E2EE typically uses cryptographic keys stored only on the endpoints (devices of the sender and recipient). Public key (asymmetric) encryption is often used, where a public key encrypts the message and only the corresponding private key on the recipient's device can decrypt it. This ensures that intermediaries, such as servers or service providers, cannot access the message content

. The main advantages of end-to-end encryption include:

• Strong privacy protection, as only the sender and receiver can read the messages.
• Security against interception or tampering during transmission.
• Protection from misuse by service providers who cannot access or share the encrypted data.
• Compliance with regulatory requirements for data security in various industries

However, E2EE has some limitations, such as:

• Complexity in defining endpoints clearly.
• Concerns from law enforcement about the inability to access encrypted communications.
• Metadata like message timestamps and sender/recipient info may still be visible.
• If endpoint devices are compromised, encrypted data can be exposed.
• Potential future vulnerabilities from advances in quantum computing

In summary, end-to-end encryption is considered the gold standard for securing digital communications by ensuring that only the intended parties can access the message content throughout its journey