Executive function refers to a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior. These processes include basic cognitive functions such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (e.g., reasoning and problem-solving). Executive function is responsible for many skills, including paying attention, organizing, planning, prioritizing, starting tasks and staying focused on them to completion, understanding different points of view, regulating emotions, and self-monitoring.

Executive function is a set of mental skills that include working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control. We use these skills every day to learn, work, and manage daily life. Trouble with executive function can make it hard to focus, follow directions, and handle emotions, among other things. There are three main areas of executive function: working memory, cognitive flexibility (also called flexible thinking), and inhibitory control (which includes self-control).

Executive function and self-regulation skills are the mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully. The brain needs this skill set to filter distractions, prioritize tasks, set and achieve goals, and control impulses. Executive function can be divided into two groups: organizational and regulatory abilities. Organization includes gathering information and structuring it for evaluation, while regulation involves evaluating the available information and modulating your responses to the environment.

There are specific tests that look at a wide range of executive skills, including attention, inhibitory control, working memory, organization and planning, concept formation, set shifting (the ability to shift from one task to another), and word fluency. Executive function deficits can occur as the result of a variety of neurologic conditions including traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases.