A federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self- governing states, provinces, or regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, power is constitutionally divided between the central authority and the constituent units, with each level having autonomy within its jurisdiction, as defined by a constitution that cannot be unilaterally altered by either level. This structure balances the needs of diverse regions or groups, allowing them to maintain their distinct identities while being united under a single national government.

Key Features of a Federation

• Division of powers is constitutionally established, with specific areas controlled by the federal government and others by the states or provinces.
• Both levels of government operate independently but within their constitutional bounds.
• The constitution is often rigid and written, safeguarding the autonomy of the units and providing mechanisms to resolve disputes through an independent judiciary.
• Federations often arise to manage diversity within a country, whether ethnic, socioeconomic, or political.

Examples and Variations

• Federations include countries like the United States, Canada, India, Germany, Australia, Brazil, and Russia.
• The balance of power can differ: for example, the US federal government is relatively weaker compared to its states, while in Canada the federal government is stronger.
• Federations can form either by independent states coming together ("coming together" federations) or by a large country dividing power among units ("holding together" federations).

This form of government contrasts with unitary states, where power is centralized, and confederations, where the constituent units retain more sovereignty than in a federation.