Genetic modification, also known as genetic engineering or genetic manipulation, is the process of altering the genetic makeup of an organism using laboratory-based technologies. This can involve changing a single base pair, deleting a region of DNA, or adding a new segment of DNA. Genetic engineering is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.

Genetic modification can be used to change the characteristics of a plant, animal, or micro-organism by transferring a piece of DNA from one organism to another. This can be done through targeted removal of the desired genes from the DNA of one organism and adding them to the other organism. Genetic modification has been used to develop fungi and bacteria that produce medicines, and to create new variations of crops with desired properties.

Genetic modification has been done indirectly for thousands of years by controlled or selective breeding of plants and animals. However, modern biotechnology has made it easier and faster to target a specific gene for more precise alteration of the organism through genetic engineering.

While genetic modification has the potential to produce many benefits, some people are opposed to it due to concerns about its effects on human health, the environment, and ethical concerns. However, decades of scientific studies have provided evidence to address these concerns.