GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a hormone produced primarily by intestinal L-cells in the small intestine and certain neurons in the brainstem in response to food intake

. It plays several important roles in regulating blood sugar and metabolism:

• GLP-1 stimulates the pancreas to release insulin in a glucose-dependent manner, helping lower blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of sugar into cells for energy

• It inhibits the secretion of glucagon, a hormone that raises blood sugar, but only when glucose levels are above fasting levels, thus helping to prevent hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia

• GLP-1 slows gastric emptying, which delays nutrient absorption and contributes to better blood sugar control

• It promotes satiety by acting on the brain, reducing appetite and food intake, which can aid in weight loss

• GLP-1 enhances pancreatic β-cell function by increasing insulin gene expression, promoting β-cell proliferation, and reducing β-cell apoptosis, which is beneficial in diabetes management

Because natural GLP-1 is rapidly degraded in the body (half-life ~2 minutes), synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists have been developed as medications to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. These drugs mimic the effects of GLP-1, improving blood sugar control, promoting weight loss, and offering cardiovascular benefits

. They are considered effective first-line therapies for type 2 diabetes, especially in patients with obesity or cardiovascular disease

. In summary, GLP-1 is a key hormone that helps regulate blood sugar, insulin secretion, appetite, and digestion, making it a crucial target for diabetes and obesity treatments