Shock is a serious, life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. Lack of blood flow means the cells and organs do not get enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly, and many organs can be damaged as a result. Shock can be caused by any injury or condition that affects the flow of blood through the body, including trauma, blood loss, severe infection, poisoning, severe burns, heart problems, dehydration, and heatstroke. There are many types of shock, including:

• Hypovolemic shock: caused by too little blood volume
• Cardiogenic shock: due to heart problems
• Obstructive shock: due to a blockage in the heart, arteries, or veins
• Distributive shock: caused by changes in blood vessels, such as infection or severe allergic reactions
• Neurogenic shock: caused by damage to the nervous system

Symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, shallow breathing, anxiety, fatigue, cool and clammy skin, dilated pupils, chest pain, nausea, confusion, and loss of consciousness. If someone is suspected of being in shock, it is important to call for emergency medical help immediately. While waiting for help to arrive, the following first aid steps can be taken:

• Lay the person down, with their feet elevated about 12 inches (unless there is a head, neck, or back injury or if broken bones in the hips or legs are suspected); do not elevate the head.
• Keep the person warm and comfortable, and loosen restrictive clothing.
• Do not give the person anything to eat or drink.
• If the person is vomiting or bleeding from the mouth, turn them onto their side to prevent choking.
• If the person stops breathing, begin CPR.