Hydrops fetalis, also known as fetal hydrops, is a serious condition in which abnormal amounts of fluid build up in two or more body areas of an unborn or newborn baby. It is not a disease but rather a symptom of an underlying health problem that affects the fetus. There are two types of hydrops fetalis: immune and non-immune. The type depends on the cause of the abnormal fluid. Non-immune hydrops fetalis is more common, accounting for up to 90% of cases of hydrops. It occurs when a disease or medical condition affects the bodys ability to manage fluid. Some of the diseases or conditions that can cause non-immune hydrops include heart or lung problems, severe anemia, and genetic or developmental problems.

Hydrops fetalis can be diagnosed during a routine prenatal ultrasound exam. If abnormal amounts of fluid are found in two or more areas of the babys body, it may indicate hydrops fetalis. The doctor will also check for other symptoms such as a large amount of amniotic fluid, a thickened placenta, enlarged heart, liver, or spleen. The prenatal management of babies with hydrops fetalis starts with acquiring as much information about the condition’s severity and underlying cause as early as possible. Often, however, hydrops fetalis can’t be treated during pregnancy. In such cases, doctors will monitor both mother and baby carefully throughout the pregnancy.

Hydrops fetalis often results in the death of the infant shortly before or after delivery. The risk is highest for babies who are born very early or who are ill at birth. Babies who have a structural defect, and those with no identified cause for the hydrops are also at higher risk. The treatment of hydrops depends on the cause. During pregnancy, hydrops may be treatable only in certain cases. In a newborn baby, treatment may include help for breathing problems, removing extra fluid from spaces around the lungs, heart, or inside the belly using a needle, and blood transfusions.

In summary, hydrops fetalis is a serious condition in which abnormal amounts of...