Hypovolemia is a condition characterized by low levels of blood or fluids in the body. It occurs when the body loses fluid, such as blood or water, and can lead to life-threatening complications like organ damage, shock, or death. The exact rate of occurrence is unknown, but hypovolemia is common among people who have illnesses with a sudden onset, a severe injury, or who are critically ill.

Symptoms of hypovolemia include weakness, fatigue, dizziness, muscle cramps, and thirst. Physical examination findings may include dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, orthostatic tachycardia, and others. Hypovolemic shock is the most severe form of hypovolemia that needs emergency treatment. This condition occurs when you lose a significant amount of fluid or blood, which prevents your heart from pumping blood throughout your body.

The causes of hypovolemia can be characterized into two categories: kidney-related and non-kidney-related. Kidney-related causes include diuretics, osmotic diuresis, and renal salt wasting, while non-kidney-related causes include vomiting, diarrhea, burns, hemorrhage, and others.

Immediate treatment for hypovolemia is necessary to prevent life-threatening complications like organ damage, shock, or death. Treatment with IV fluids rehydrates and replenishes the fluid your body lost. Establishing the etiology of a patients hypovolemia is of utmost importance to properly tailor management.