An Integrated Circuit (IC) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. It is a fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices and can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, logic gate, computer memory, microcontroller, or microprocessor. An IC is made up of miniature versions of basic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors, all connected together to achieve a common goal. The functionality of the chip depends on how the components have been connected inside. ICs are used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. They are more advantageous than discrete circuits in terms of price and operating performance, as they require less material and have high performance.