The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a long-standing dispute over competing claims to the Holy Land, which includes disputes over borders, Jerusalem, security, and Palestinian refugees. The conflict dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the birth of major nationalist movements among the Jews and among the Arabs, both geared towards attaining sovereignty for their people in the Middle East. The conflict escalated in 1947 when the United Nations adopted Resolution 181, known as the Partition Plan, which sought to divide the British Mandate of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. On May 14, 1948, the State of Israel was created, sparking the first Arab-Israeli War. The war ended in 1949 with Israels victory, but 750,000 Palestinians were displaced, and the territory was divided into three parts: the State of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River), and the Gaza Strip. Since then, the conflict has been characterized by mutual distrust and significant disagreements over basic issues, as well as reciprocal skepticism about the other sides commitment to upholding obligations in an eventual bilateral agreement. Attempts to remedy this have been repeated and continuing. The conflict has been marked by violence, including the 2021 Israel-Hamas conflict and the escalation in violence that began in 2022, which was the deadliest year for Israelis and West Bank Palestinians since the second intifada ended in 2005. The main issues that Israel and the Palestinians cannot agree on include the status of Palestinian refugees, the future of Jewish settlements in the occupied West Bank, and the status of Jerusalem.