Literacy is the ability to read, write, speak, listen, and use language effectively to communicate and make sense of the world

. It traditionally refers to the skills of reading and writing but has expanded to include a broader set of competencies such as understanding and using printed and digital materials, numeracy (basic arithmetic), and critical thinking

. Literacy enables individuals to achieve personal goals, develop knowledge, and participate fully in society

. Modern definitions emphasize literacy as a continuum of learning and proficiency that includes interacting with various forms of texts-oral, print, visual, and digital-and adapting language for different contexts and purposes

. It is essential not only in education but also in everyday life, including reading maps, interpreting media, and communicating through multiple platforms

. Different types of literacy have emerged to reflect specialized skills, such as digital literacy, financial literacy, health literacy, media literacy, and more, highlighting the evolving nature of literacy in contemporary society

. In summary, literacy is a multifaceted skill set involving reading, writing, speaking, listening, and critical engagement with language and information across diverse media and contexts. It is fundamental for learning, communication, and active participation in society.