Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. It usually develops when these melanocytes start to grow uncontrollably. Although melanoma is less common than other types of skin cancer, it is more dangerous because it is more likely to spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early. Melanoma typically appears on the skin, often in areas exposed to the sun such as the chest, back, legs, face, and neck. It can also rarely occur in other parts of the body like the eyes, mouth, or intestines. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds is a major risk factor as it causes DNA damage in melanocytes leading to cancerous changes. There are several types of melanoma, including:

• Superficial spreading melanoma (most common)
• Nodular melanoma (more aggressive)
• Lentigo maligna melanoma (usually in older adults)
• Acral lentiginous melanoma (occurs in less sun-exposed areas like palms or soles)

Early signs can include a new mole or changes in an existing mole—such as changes in size, shape, color, or texture. Early detection is critical for successful treatment. When melanoma is caught early, the five-year survival rate is about 99%. In summary, melanoma cancer is a serious but treatable form of skin cancer originating from pigment-producing cells, strongly linked to UV exposure, with the potential to spread if untreated. Early detection significantly improves outcomes.