Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. They are formed by geological processes and can consist of a single element or compound. The earth is composed of mineral elements, either alone or in combinations called compounds. Minerals can be classified into two categories: primary minerals and secondary minerals. Primary minerals are formed by the cooling down of molten materials called magma, while secondary minerals are formed by other processes.

Minerals can be found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Rocks are combinations of homogeneous substances called minerals. Minerals are usually found in ores, which are accumulations of any mineral mixed with other elements. They generally occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks, in the cracks, crevices, faults, or joints. They can also occur in sedimentary rocks, where a number of minerals occur in beds or layers.

Minerals are classified based on their atomic number and the valency of electrons. Metallic minerals are those that contain iron or other metallic elements in their composition, while non-metallic minerals are not found in the form of metals. Energy minerals are those that are used as sources of energy, such as coal and petroleum.

In Class 10 Geography, students learn about minerals and energy resources, their classification, and how to conserve them. The chapter covers topics such as the mode of occurrence of minerals, where they are found, and their importance in the national economy. Students also learn about the different types of energy resources and how to conserve them.