Modularity is a term used in various fields to describe the degree to which a systems components can be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use. Here are some examples of modularity in different contexts:

• Network Science: In network science, modularity is a measure of the structure of networks or graphs which measures the strength of division of a network into modules. Networks with high modularity have dense connections between the nodes within modules but sparse connections between nodes in different modules. Modularity is often used in optimization methods for detecting community structure in networks).

• Biology: In biology, modularity recognizes that organisms or metabolic pathways are composed of modules. In ecology, modularity is considered a key factor in supporting resilience.

• Technology: In modular programming, modularity refers to the compartmentalization and interrelation of the parts of a software package. Product systems are deemed "modular" when they can be decomposed into a number of components that may be mixed and matched in a variety of configurations. The components are able to connect, interact, or exchange resources (such as energy or data) in some way, by adhering to a standardized interface.

• Architecture: In architecture, modularity is used to achieve customizable products that are easy to assemble and disassemble. For example, a house or apartment can be viewed as consisting of several interacting units; electrical, heating, cooling, plumbing, structure, etc. The organized architect designing a house or apartment will view them as separate modules that can be combined to form a complete whole.

In summary, modularity refers to the degree to which a systems components can be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use. It is a concept that is used in various fields, including network science, biology, technology, and architecture.