Morphine is a powerful opioid medication derived naturally from opium, a resin obtained from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum)

. It is classified as a non-synthetic narcotic used primarily to treat moderate to severe pain, especially when other pain relievers are ineffective or unsuitable

. Morphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system, particularly the μ-opioid receptor, which alters the perception and emotional response to pain, providing analgesia and sedation

. It also reduces anxiety and stress associated with pain

. Morphine can be administered in various forms including oral tablets, capsules, liquid, injections, suppositories, and transdermal patches

. Common uses of morphine include managing pain from major trauma, surgery, cancer, labor, myocardial infarction, and kidney stones

. Its effects typically begin within 20 minutes when injected and within 60 minutes when taken orally, lasting 3 to 7 hours

. While effective for pain relief, morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence. Chronic use can lead to tolerance, physical and psychological dependence, and withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly

. Side effects include respiratory depression (which can be life-threatening), constipation, drowsiness, nausea, and lowered blood pressure

. Overdose symptoms may include cold skin, slow breathing, coma, and death

. In summary, morphine is a potent opioid analgesic used for severe pain management with significant risks of dependence and side effects, requiring careful medical supervision