Network topology is the arrangement or layout of nodes (devices like computers, routers, switches) and the connections (links) between them in a computer or communication network. It defines both the physical placement of these components and how data flows logically through the network

. There are two main aspects of network topology:

• Physical topology : This refers to the actual physical layout of devices and cables in the network-how devices are physically connected to each other

• Logical topology : This describes how data moves through the network, regardless of the physical connections. Logical topology shows the path that data takes and the relationships between nodes in terms of communication

Network topology affects network performance, scalability, fault tolerance, and security. Choosing the appropriate topology helps optimize data flow, ease troubleshooting, and improve network reliability

. Common types of network topologies include:

• Point-to-point : A direct link between two nodes.
• Bus : All nodes connected along a single cable.
• Ring : Nodes connected in a closed loop, data travels in one or both directions.
• Star : All nodes connected to a central hub or switch.
• Mesh : Nodes interconnected with multiple paths for redundancy.
• Tree : Hierarchical arrangement combining star and bus topologies.
• Hybrid : Combination of two or more topologies to suit specific needs

In summary, network topology is the structural design of a network that determines how devices are connected and how data is transmitted, playing a critical role in network efficiency and management.