Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms related to hormone imbalances and ovarian function. The main features of PCOS include:

• Irregular or infrequent menstrual periods due to the ovaries not regularly releasing eggs (anovulation).
• Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) which can cause physical signs like excess facial or body hair, acne, and thinning scalp hair.
• Polycystic ovaries, which are enlarged ovaries containing many small fluid-filled sacs (follicles) that surround the eggs but often fail to release them properly

The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but it is believed to involve genetic factors and hormonal imbalances, including insulin resistance, which leads to higher insulin and androgen levels. Being overweight can worsen these hormonal imbalances

. Symptoms typically appear during adolescence or early adulthood and may include irregular periods, difficulty getting pregnant, excessive hair growth, weight gain, acne, and hair thinning

. PCOS is a chronic condition without a cure, but symptoms can be managed through lifestyle changes such as weight loss and a healthy diet, as well as medications to regulate periods, reduce androgen effects, and assist with fertility if needed

. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility and is associated with increased risks of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other metabolic problems

. In summary, PCOS is a hormonal disorder causing irregular ovulation, excess male hormones, and polycystic ovaries, affecting about 6–13% of women of reproductive age worldwide