Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural ecosystems. It is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature, and emphasizes patterns of landscape, function, and species assemblies. Permaculture integrates land, resources, people, and the environment through mutually beneficial synergies, imitating the no waste, closed loop systems seen in diverse natural systems. It includes a set of design principles derived using whole-systems thinking, and applies these principles in fields such as regenerative agriculture, town planning, rewilding, and community resilience. Permaculture originally came from "permanent agriculture", but was later adjusted to mean "permanent culture", incorporating social aspects. The term was coined in 1978 by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, who formulated the concept in opposition to modern industrialized methods instead adopting a more traditional or "natural" approach to agriculture. Permaculture is not exclusive, and its principles and practice can be used by anyone, anywhere.