Personal communication refers to any form of communication that is not published and cannot be recovered by readers. Examples of personal communication include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, and letters. Personal communication is cited in the text only and not included in the reference list, as the information is unable to be retrieved by others. When citing personal communication in APA style, the sources first initial and full last name should be used, along with an exact date if possible. Personal communication should only be cited when a recoverable source is not available.