Philippine politics is a democratic system modeled largely on the U.S. system, operating as a unitary presidential republic with three interdependent branches: executive, legislative, and judicial
. The president, directly elected by the people for a single six-year term, serves as both head of state and head of government, leading the executive branch
. The legislative branch is bicameral, consisting of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house). Senators are elected at-large nationwide for six-year terms, while members of the House represent specific geographic districts and sectoral groups, serving three-year terms
. The Congress enacts laws, confirms presidential appointments, and holds powers such as declaring war and impeachment
. The judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court, which has broad review powers over government decisions and ensures laws comply with the Constitution, the supreme law of the land
. The Philippine legal system is a hybrid influenced by Spanish civil law, American common law, and Islamic Sharia law for Muslim communities
. Philippine politics is characterized by a multi-party system, but political power is often dominated by elite families and dynasties, with weak party structures. Patronage, clientelism, and electoral fraud are common, and corruption is widespread
. Local politics often revolve around clan and family interests, sometimes overshadowing national institutions
. Despite these challenges, democracy remains popular among Filipinos, with high voter turnout
. The 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system after the authoritarian period under Marcos and established checks and balances, including independent constitutional commissions and an Ombudsman to combat corruption and abuse of power
. In summary, Philippine politics is a democratic republic with a presidential system, a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary, but it faces ongoing issues related to elite dominance, patronage, and corruption within its political culture
