Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. The problem is what drives the motivation and learning, and it is usually found in trigger material. PBL is a teaching method in which complex real-world problems are used as the vehicle to promote student learning of concepts and principles as opposed to direct presentation of facts and concepts). PBL can promote the development of critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and communication skills). It can also provide opportunities for working in groups, finding and evaluating research materials, and lifelong learning).

Here are some key features of PBL:

• Learner-driven self-identified goals and outcomes
• Working in teams
• Managing projects and holding leadership roles
• Oral and written communication
• Self-awareness and evaluation of group processes
• Working independently
• Critical thinking and analysis
• Explaining concepts
• Self-directed learning
• Applying course content to real-world examples
• Researching and information literacy
• Problem solving across disciplines

To implement PBL, students are presented with a complex real-world problem, and they work in groups to solve it. The process usually involves the following steps):

• Explore what they already know about underlying issues related to it.
• Determine what they need to learn and where they can acquire the information and tools necessary to solve the problem.
• Evaluate possible ways to solve the problem.
• Solve the problem.
• Report on their findings.

To get started with PBL, it is important to articulate the learning outcomes of the project and create a problem that resembles something students may encounter in the real world. PBL requires more preparation time and resources to support small group learning than traditional classroom or lecture teaching.