Public assistance refers to assistance programs that provide either cash or in-kind benefits to individuals and families from any governmental entity. These programs are usually based on a low-income means-tested eligibility criteria. There are two major types of public assistance programs: social welfare programs and social insurance programs. Benefits received from social welfare programs are usually based on eligibility criteria such as low income, while benefits received from social insurance programs are usually based on eligibility criteria such as age, employment status, or being a veteran.

In the United States, public assistance programs are administered at the federal, state, and local levels. Examples of public assistance programs include Temporary Assistance (TA), also known as Public Assistance (PA), which is temporary help for needy adults and children. TA provides cash assistance to eligible needy families that include a minor child living with a parent/parents or a caretaker relative. Emergency Assistance is a category of Temporary Assistance that helps resolve an urgent need or situation, such as homelessness, lack of food, or eviction. Other examples of public assistance programs include Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Home Energy Assistance Program (HEAP), and NYS Disability Insurance.