Reimer-Tiemann Reaction

The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is a chemical reaction used for the ortho-formylation of phenols, with the simplest example being the conversion of phenol to salicylaldehyde. When phenols are treated with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, an aldehyde group (-CHO) is introduced at the ortho position of the benzene ring, leading to the formation of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde) . The equation for the reaction is:

$$\ce{PhOH + CHCl3 + NaOH -> PhCHO + NaCl + H2O}$$

where Ph represents the phenyl group.

Kolbe Reaction

The Kolbe reaction, also known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, is a carboxylation chemical reaction that proceeds by heating sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide under pressure, then treating the product with sulfuric acid. The final product is an aromatic hydroxy acid, which is also known as salicylic acid. The equation for the reaction is:

$$\ce{2PhONa + CO2 -> PhOOC-COOPh + Na2O}$$

$$\ce{PhOOC-COOPh + H2SO4 -> 2PhOH + 2CO2 + H2SO4}$$

where Ph represents the phenyl group.

Williamson Ether Synthesis

The Williamson ether synthesis is a reaction that involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide or a primary alkyl sulfonate to form an ether. The equation for the reaction is:

$$\ce{RO- + RX -> ROR + X-}$$

where R and R represent alkyl groups.

Unsymmetrical Ether

An unsymmetrical ether is an ether in which the two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom are different. An example of an unsymmetrical ether is methyl phenyl ether, which has a methyl group and a phenyl group attached to the oxygen atom.