The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India introduced by Thomas Munro in the early 19th century. It allowed the government to deal directly with the cultivator (ryot) for revenue collection and gave the peasant freedom to cede or acquire new land for cultivation. Under this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land, and they had ownership rights, could sell, mortgage or gift the land. The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants, and the amount of revenue was directly proportional to the amount of yield produced. The Ryotwari system was implemented in some parts of India, including the Madras Presidency and Bombay Presidency, and it was still in use in some parts of the country until the 1850s.

Some key features of the Ryotwari system are:

• The system was dominated by Mahajans and moneylenders who gave loans to cultivators at exorbitant rates. They also evicted the cultivators who defaulted on payments.
• The rates were high, and unlike the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
• If the cultivators failed to pay the taxes, they were evicted by the government.
• The revenue was fixed based on the quality of the soil and the nature of the crop for a period not exceeding more than 30 years.
• The peasant could not be evicted from the land as long as they paid their share of revenue to the government.

The Ryotwari system had some positive and negative impacts on agriculture, land relations, and the socio-economic status of cultivators. It increased revenue collection for the state and provided security of tenure for cultivators, which improved their socio-economic status and reduced their dependence on intermediaries. However, the system was dominated by moneylenders, and the cultivators faced high-interest rates and the risk of eviction if they defaulted on payments. Despite these drawbacks, the Ryotwari system remained in place until the 1850s, when it was gradually replace...