Sampling procedure is a technique of selecting a subset or a statistical sample of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population). Sampling is used in statistics, quality assurance, survey methodology, and market research to make statistical inferences from a subset of the population without having to investigate every individual. There are two major types of sampling procedures in research: probability sampling and non-probability sampling.

Probability Sampling: Probability sampling is a sampling technique where a researcher selects a few criteria and chooses members of a population randomly. All the members have an equal opportunity to participate in the sample with this selection parameter. Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.

• Simple random sampling: Every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected as part of the sample.
• Systematic sampling: The researcher selects every nth member after randomly selecting the first through nth element as the starting point.
• Stratified sampling: Involves categorizing the members of the population into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive groups.
• Cluster sampling: Involves dividing the population into smaller groups or clusters and selecting all members of a random sample of clusters.

Non-Probability Sampling: In non-probability sampling, the sample is selected based on non-random criteria, and not every member of the population has a chance of being included. Common non-probability sampling methods include convenience sampling, voluntary response sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling.

• Convenience sampling: A population is selected because it is readily available and convenient[[1]](htt...