Solubility is the ability of a substance, called the solute, to dissolve in another substance, called the solvent, to form a homogeneous solution. It is typically measured as the maximum concentration of the solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure, beyond which no more solute can dissolve and the solution is saturated

. Key points about solubility include:

• The solute can be solid, liquid, or gas, while the solvent is usually a liquid or solid

• Solubility depends on the nature of both solute and solvent, including their chemical composition, polarity, pH, and the presence of other dissolved substances

• Temperature and pressure significantly affect solubility: solubility of solids in liquids generally increases with temperature, while solubility of gases decreases with temperature but increases with pressure

• When solute and solvent mix in all proportions forming a solution, they are called miscible; if only partially, they are partially miscible; if hardly at all, they are considered insoluble or immiscible

• Solubility is often expressed in grams of solute per liter of solvent (g/L) or moles per liter (mol/L) for saturated solutions

In essence, solubility quantifies how well a substance can dissolve in another to form a stable, uniform solution under specific conditions