The 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution states that any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress may only take effect after the next election of the House of Representatives has occurred. This amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison and sent to the states for ratification at that time, but it was not until 1992, after public displeasure with repeated congressional pay increases, that the required three-quarters of the states ratified the measure. The amendment was proposed to prevent members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session, and rather, any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress. The Twenty-seventh Amendment has one of the most unusual histories of any amendment ever made to the U.S. Constitution. It is unique for the time span between its creation and its ratification, which was two-hundred years after it was originally created. The amendment has faced very little litigation since its ratification, and it has been frequently determined that the amendment has no bearing on cost-of-living adjustments issued by Congress.