Nucleic acids, primarily DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), serve essential functions in all living cells and viruses related to genetic information. Their main roles are:

• Storage and transmission of genetic information: DNA contains the hereditary blueprint for an organism, encoding the instructions necessary for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction. This genetic information is passed from one generation to the next

• Expression of genetic information: DNA sequences are transcribed into RNA, which then plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are made. Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) assist in decoding mRNA and catalyzing protein assembly, respectively

• Directing protein synthesis: RNA converts the genetic code into amino acid sequences, thereby determining the structure and function of proteins, which are vital for cellular activities and traits in organisms

In summary, nucleic acids store, transmit, and express genetic information, enabling cells to produce proteins and maintain life processes