Stomata are small openings primarily located on the underside of plant leaves that facilitate gas exchange and regulate water loss

. Each stoma consists of a pore surrounded by two guard cells that control the opening and closing of the pore

. The main functions of stomata are:

• Gas exchange Stomata facilitate the intake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is essential for photosynthesis

. Oxygen, a byproduct of photosynthesis, is released into the atmosphere through the stomata

. Stomata also play a role in plant respiration

• Water regulation Stomata regulate water loss through transpiration, where water vapor evaporates from the plant's surface

. Guard cells open and close the stomata to balance carbon dioxide intake and water loss

. Stomata close at night or during dry conditions to conserve water

• Other functions Some plants use stomata to release stress hormones, signaling other plants to produce defensive compounds. Certain plants, like orchids, can absorb water through their stomata