Tillage is the agricultural practice of preparing soil for planting by mechanically agitating it in various ways, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Tillage can be done using human-powered hand tools, such as shovels, hoes, and mattocks, or with machinery. The purpose of tillage is to create a desirable soil condition for crop production, including aerating the soil to permit moisture and air to permeate, allowing seeds to germinate, encouraging root growth, controlling weed growth, and integrating fertilizers into the soil. However, excessive tillage can harm soil structure, lead to erosion, and loss of nutrients. There are different types of tillage, including:

• Conventional Tillage: This is the most intensive form of tillage, involving multiple tilling operations to prepare the soil for planting.

• Minimum Tillage: This involves less disturbance of the soil, which can lead to more organic matter and lower potential for soil erosion and compaction.

• No-Till: This is the least intensive form of tillage, where the soil is not disturbed at all, and crop residues are left on the field following harvest.

• Mulch Tillage: This is a system in which crop residues are left on the surface, and subsurface tillage leaves them.

Tillage can have both positive and negative impacts on soil health and the environment, and farmers must balance the benefits of tillage with its potential drawbacks.