Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. It is not the same as being lightheaded. Vertigo can be caused by a number of different factors, including issues with the inner ear or the brain. The most common type of vertigo is peripheral vertigo, which is often caused by a problem with the balance mechanisms of the inner ear. The most common causes of peripheral vertigo include:

• Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): This is one of the most common causes of vertigo. It can occur during specific head movements, while standing up or bending over, crossing the road, or turning in bed. BPPV involves short, intense, recurrent attacks of vertigo (usually lasting a few seconds to a few minutes). It is often accompanied by nausea, although vomiting is rare. You may also experience your eyes briefly moving uncontrollably (nystagmus).

• Head injury: A blow to the head can cause damage to the inner ear, leading to vertigo.

• Labyrinthitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, as well as hearing loss and ringing in the ears.

• Vestibular neuronitis: This is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which helps control balance. It can cause sudden, severe vertigo that lasts for several days.

• Ménières disease: This is a rare condition that affects the inner ear and can cause vertigo, as well as hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of pressure in the ear. Attacks of vertigo can last for hours or days and are often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

Less commonly, vertigo can be caused by problems in the brain, such as migraines, strokes, or brain tumors. Other possible causes of vertigo include certain medications, diabetes, heart arrhythmias, and emotional problems such as anxiety. Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, repositioning maneuvers, or surgery.