Russia has a federal semi-presidential republic form of government. According to its 1993 Constitution, Russia is declared a democratic, federative, law- based state with a republican form of government. The government consists of three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial. The President is the head of state, holding significant powers, including appointing the Prime Minister (with State Duma approval), and serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Prime Minister heads the government, which exercises executive power. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Federal Assembly, comprising the State Duma (lower house) and the Federation Council (upper house). In practice, the government structure has seen power concentrated strongly in the presidency, particularly under President Vladimir Putin, who has dominated Russian politics since 2000. Though Russia is formally a democracy with multiple parties and a constitution guaranteeing rights and separation of powers, many observers consider it an authoritarian system centered on Putin's control over political power.

Summary:

• Type: Federal semi-presidential republic
• Constitution: 1993 Constitution declares Russia democratic and federative
• Executive: President (head of state, strong powers) and Prime Minister (head of government)
• Legislature: Bicameral Federal Assembly (State Duma + Federation Council)
• Judiciary: Independent courts with judges appointed by the President and approved by the Federation Council
• Real-world practice: Strong presidential control, often described as authoritarian under Vladimir Putin