The Domain Name System (DNS) solves the fundamental problem of translating human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into machine-readable IP addresses (like 192.168.1.1) that computers use to locate each other on the internet

. This translation is essential because while humans find it easy to remember domain names, computers communicate using numeric IP addresses. Beyond this basic function, DNS addresses several critical challenges:

• Usability and Accessibility: It allows users to access websites using simple names rather than complex IP addresses, making the internet more intuitive and user-friendly

• Scalability: DNS distributes the management of domain records across multiple servers, enabling the internet to handle the growing number of devices and websites efficiently

• Flexibility and Dynamic Updates: When websites change hosting providers or IP addresses, DNS records can be updated without disrupting user access, maintaining seamless connectivity

• Load Balancing and Reliability: DNS can return multiple IP addresses for a single domain, distributing traffic across servers to prevent overload and rerouting traffic if a server fails, ensuring continuous service

• Geographic Routing: DNS can direct users to the nearest or fastest server based on their location, reducing latency and improving load times through geographic-aware routing techniques like Anycast

• Security: DNS incorporates security measures such as DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) to protect against attacks like cache poisoning and supports redundancy to maintain uptime despite hardware failures or cyberattacks

In summary, DNS solves the problem of mapping user-friendly domain names to IP addresses and supports the internet's usability, scalability, performance, reliability, and security, making it a foundational component of the modern internet infrastructure