Judaism is the religion and way of life of the Jewish people, and it is the oldest of the monotheistic faiths in the Abrahamic tradition. Jews derive their Jewishness through either being born to a Jewish mother or through conversion to Judaism under an orthodox Rabbinical court. There are different religious streams of Judaism, including Orthodox, Reform (Progressive), and Conservative. Judaism is mainly a communal culture and relies on family and community institutions to ensure continuity and manage membership. According to the 2006 Census, 88,832 people in Australia identified with Judaism as their religion, comprising 0.5% of the total population. In the United States, most Jews identify with the Reform or Conservative movements, while about one-in-ten identify with Orthodox Judaism.

Jewish religious doctrine encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The basic laws and tenets of Judaism are found in the Torah, which was the whole of the laws given to the Israelites at Sinai. Jewish people believe in one transcendent God who revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets. The various teachings of Judaism have often been regarded as specifications of the central idea of monotheism.