If you don't have vanilla extract, several good substitutes can be used depending on what is available and the flavor profile desired:

• Whole vanilla beans: Scrape the seeds from one vanilla bean to replace 1 tablespoon of vanilla extract.
• Vanilla bean paste or powder: Use in equivalent amounts to replace extract.
• Maple syrup: Use 1 tablespoon of maple syrup per tablespoon of vanilla extract for a similar sweet aroma.
• Almond extract: Use half the amount because it is stronger in flavor.
• Spiced liquors like rum, brandy, or bourbon: Use in the same amount, ideal for baked recipes where the alcohol will cook off.
• Honey: Substitute in equal amounts for mild sweetness.
• Citrus zest (lemon, orange, lime): Use 1–2 tablespoons of zest for flavor without adding liquid.
• Espresso or strong brewed coffee: Add a small amount for depth, especially in chocolate recipes.
• Warming spices like cinnamon, cardamom, or nutmeg: Use sparingly to add flavor complexity.

These substitutes work well in baking and cooking though they may slightly alter the flavor profile of the final dish.