Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort. The following are some of the triggers of acid reflux:

• Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES): The LES is a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach. When it doesnt tighten properly or becomes weakened, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing a burning feeling.

• Hiatal hernia: This occurs when the upper part of the stomach and LES move above the diaphragm, a muscle that separates your stomach from your chest. Normally, the diaphragm helps keep acid in our stomach. But if you have a hiatal hernia, acid can move up into your esophagus and cause symptoms of acid reflux disease.

• Certain foods and drinks: Foods that are high in fat, salt, or spice can cause the esophageal sphincter to relax and delay the digestive process, letting food sit in the stomach longer, which can cause acid reflux. Some common triggers include chocolate, coffee, alcohol, mint, garlic, onions, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and peppermint.

• Being overweight or pregnant: Added pressure on the abdomen and stomach can trigger heartburn due to acid reflux.

• Smoking: Tobacco in cigarettes is known to affect LES function too; cigarette smoking relaxes the muscle, which can result in heartburn.

• Certain medications: Certain medications can have a relaxing effect on your LES, including aspirin or ibuprofen, as well as some sedatives and blood pressure medications.

• Prior surgery: Surgery in your chest or upper abdomen may have injured your esophagus.

Making simple lifestyle changes can help stop or reduce heartburn. Some of these changes include eating smaller, more frequent meals, raising the head end of your bed by 10 to 20cm, losing weight if youre overweight, and finding ways to relax.